Vertical and horizontal evacuation

Vertical and horizontal evacuation are strategies for providing safety to humans in case of tsunami, hurricane or other natural disaster.[1]

Two-story structure in Banda Aceh following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

Vertical evacuation

Ocosta Elementary School in Westport, Washington, designed for vertical evacuation from tsunami hazard

In areas where horizontal evacuation to higher ground is impossible, vertical evacuation to higher areas of a structure may be a way to shelter individuals from the surge of water, several meters high, that can follow an earthquake in coastal areas.[2][3]

In the United States

The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency published design guidelines for vertical evacuation structures in 2008.[4] According to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, serious discussions about vertical evacuation began in the United States following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[5] The American Society of Civil Engineers adopted an updated edition of its building standards in September 2016, including tsunami hazards for the first time.[6]

The first vertical evacuation site in the United States was Ocosta Elementary School, constructed in 2015–2016 on the Pacific Ocean coast in Westport, Washington, where a Cascadia subduction zone magnitude 9+ earthquake is expected to cause great tsunamis.[7][8]

Horizontal evacuation

Signage in Thailand for horizontal evacuation from tsunami

An alternative to vertical evacuation is horizontal evacuation, for instance a hurricane evacuation route. Critics of vertical evacuation planning have charged it with justifying even greater human density in areas prone to disaster, and prefer low density growth with horizontal evacuation planning.[9]

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Ruch, Carlton E., ed. (1991), The Feasibility of Vertical Evacuation: Behavioral, Legal, Political, and Structural Considerations, Volume 52 of Program on environment and behavior, Institute of Behavirol Science, University of Colorado, ISBN 9781877943058
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